SCA and the reindeer husbandry

Forestry and reindeer husbandry are carried out on the same land, which means that good cooperation is crucial for both parties to function side by side. We place great emphasis on collaboration with Sami communities to identify constructive solutions that minimize the impact of forestry on reindeer management.

The right of the Sami communities to engage in reindeer herding in Sweden is a constitutionally protected right that is stated in the Instrument of Government. The Reindeer Husbandry Act states that anyone who is a Sami and a member of a Sami village has the right to use land and water for the maintenance of themselves and their reindeer, on both public and private land.

There are 51 Sámi communities in Sweden, and around thirty Sámi communities have the right to conduct reindeer husbandry on SCA's land.

A Sámi village is not a physical village but a legal entity - a financial and administrative association - that organizes reindeer husbandry within a specific geographical area. They have the right to conduct reindeer husbandry within the designated reindeer husbandry area, which covers approximately 40-50 percent of Sweden’s land area.

A Sami community normally encompasses year-around grazing lands in and winter grazing lands down.Winter grazing land can in many cases extend all the way to the coast. The reindeer have a natural yearly cycle, moving between summer and winter grazing. They are moved between these areas, either driven by reindeer herders or using animal transport trucks.

The Reindeer Husbandry Act and the Forestry Act

Reindeer herding is regulated by the Swedish Reindeer Husbandry Act adn the Forestry Act. The Reindeer Husbandry Act regulates such issues as how many reindeer the Sami communities can keep, and the rights that come with reindeer herding rights. The Swedish Forestry Act outlines the requirements for the consideration of reindeer herding that forest owners are obliged to take. The act contains various sections that, among other things, describe the conditions under which consultation requirements arise as well as the consideration the forestry is to take in its operations.

In the Swedish Forestry Act, consultation requirements vary between year-round grazing lands and winter grazing lands. FSC® has a different type of process called co-planning, where no distinction is made between year-round and winter grazing lands.

The Sami villages also have the right to consultations regarding other activities that affect reindeer herding, such as wind power, mines, and infrastructure projects.

Planning prior to forestry measures

SCA places great care and resources into joint planning and cooperation with the reindeer husbandry, which is affected by our forestry. Our process is based on the principles of FPIC (Free, Prior, and Informed Consent).

This means that we strive for mutually acceptable solutions, allowing sufficient time to review and process the shared information. The process must be characterized by good spirit and conducted without pressure, coercion, or manipulation.

Locally anchored process

Since the situation and needs of Sami communities vary, we have chosen to implement a locally based process that provides our personnel with an understanding of each community’s specific needs. In addition to two full-time specialists, SCA's field staff put extensive effort into local collaboration with the Sami villages.

Co-planning process

Before regeneration harvesting and subsequent regeneration measures, such as soil scarification and tree species selection for planting, we always offer the opportunity for affected Sami communities to perform a co-planning process with us.

This means that the sami village can submit their views on each of object that are affected by our measures. This is done via our digital tool, where the Sami communities are given access to the proposed measures in good time and can submit their views in writing. This procedure also applies before the construction of new forest roads and before prescribed burning or fertilization.

Field inspection if necessary

We then have a meeting where we discuss the proposals together. The digital tool also makes it possible for the reindeer husbandry to inform us about areas that, for example, need to be pre-commercial thinned or thinned to facilitate reindeer husbandry. If both parties are unsure about what it looks like at a location where forestry measures are to be carried out, we can decide on a joint “field inspection”. Then we go out together and look at what it looks like at that particular location.

SCA and Swedish Sámi National Association agree on long-term collaboration

SCA and Swedish Sámi National Association, the representative organisation for reindeer husbandry and Sámi business and community affairs, have signed an agreement aimed at strengthening cooperation between SCA, SSR and the reindeer husbandry sector. The agreement is intended to develop working methods that improve conditions for reindeer husbandry while ensuring that forestry is conducted in a long-term and responsible manner.

Forestry and reindeer husbandry

The various measures taken in forestry affect reindeer husbandry both positively and negatively. Here are some examples:

Hanging lichen is an important food for reindeer. After regeneration felling, it takes time before the new forest stand grows and new hanging lichens appear.
All felling does not necessarily have a negative impact on ground lichens, as thinning out a forest and increasing light availability can fundamentally promote the growth of ground lichens.
Soil scarification disrupts the ground cover of lichens to varying degrees depending on the method used for the soil scarification.
Lodgepole pine can impact reindeer husbandry by forming dense stands that both provide shade and suppress ground lichens. Such dense forests can make it difficult for herders to guide the reindeer in the desired direction and may also conceal predators.
Pre-commercial thinning and thinning are forestry measures that benefit reindeer husbandry. They make the forest more open, which is favorable for the growth of ground lichens. A more open forest also improves mobility for both reindeer and herders.
Fertilization increases soil fertility, which impacts ground lichens negative.
Building new roads impacts the movement patterns of reindeer. Poorly placed forest roads can lead reindeer to move in unsuitable directions.
Snow plowing can have both positive and negative effects. Herders benefit from better accessibility on plowed roads, but reindeer may follow the plowed road and end up in inconvenient locations.
Forestry may also affect ancient remaine of Sámi history, such as old campsites or cultural sites. This can happen if the remains are unknown and not registered, meaning they might not be discovered during a forest measure. However, when such sites are known, they are always protected.

SCA's adaptations for reindeer husbandry

In areas of great importance for the reindeer husbandry, we do a number of different adaptations to minimize forestry's impact. Here are six examples and further down are more examples.

Soil scarification

When it’s time for regeneration, we can use gentle soil scarification methods, which have a lower impact on the land. Alternatively, we can choose not to carry out soil scarification at all. In this case, we plant directly using, a so-called green cover planting. It benefit the the grpudn lichens and is an alternative in areas where soil scarification might risk damaging valuable grazing grounds.

Pre-commercial thinning

We perform pre-commercial thinning earlier than usual. This makes the forest less dense, which is more favorable for ground lichens and improves accessibility for reindeer and herders. Early pre-commercial thinning benefits ground lichens by reducing the amount of debris on the ground. We can also carry out intensive pre-commercial thinning, where more than the typical amount is removed. This is mainly done to promote lichen production, as it allows more light to reach the ground. It also improves visibility for herders, helping them locate the reindeer.

Thinning

We thin the forest to make it less dense. To create good conditions for more ground lichen, we can also thin the forest earlier than usual. We ensure that branches and treetops are placed on the nearest logging trail where forestry machines operate, avoiding impact on ground lichen. This increases sunlight reaching the ground and creates the best conditions for the reindeer to graze. Branches can both act as an obstacle to grazing and reduce the reindeer's ability to smell and locate the lichen. Thinning also improves accessibility for both reindeer and the herders.

Logging trails in migration direction

During thinning, we can align the direction of our logging trails to naturally guide the reindeer migration route. In connection with the migration route, it is important to adapt the thinning so that it is performed in a timely manner and to ensure the forest does not become too dense before the measurement is taken.

Reindeer pen

We make specific adaptations in or near the reindeer husbandry's reindeer pens to create the best conditions for the efficient handling of reindeers. Often, this involves various types of thinning combined with the extraction of logging residues (branches and treetops) during the process.

Harvesting

We can choose to use alternative methods such as patch cutting or leaving seed trees. The image shows an example of patch cutting, where we have created cleared areas and thinned out the forest to favor ground lichens and thereby enhance grazing conditions for reindeer. We can also extract logging residues, such as branches and treetops, during harvesting as it benefits the reindeer grazing.

More adaptations for reindeer husbandry

Here are some other examples of our adaptations.

We save trees rich in hanging lichens and/or extra-large tree groups in forests with a good supply of hanging lichens.
In areas rich in ground lichen, we can leave a tree canopy as a first step in regeneration. This extends the rotation period while the canopy trees reduce the risk of compact snow cover. Additionally, it maintains the feeling of a forested environment. Combined with the extraction of logging residues (branches and treetops), the reindeer are provided with excellent grazing opportunities shortly after the action is taken.
We create extra wide buffer zones, e.g., alongside swamps in forests with hanging lichens or near migration routes.
We choose tree species which has less impact on reindeer husbandry.
We ensure that we do not fertilize or burn areas important for reindeer husbandry, especially areas rich in ground lichen.
We maintain ongoing dialogue with Sami communities on issues such as road plowing and adjustments to harvesting timing in connection with reindeer migration.
We adjust the layout of new roads and which gravel pits are used for road construction.
We make sure the reindeer husbandry has free access to our extensive forest road network.

SCA, FSC and reindess husbandry

According to the principles and criteria of the Forest Stewardship Council^® (FSC^®), consideration of the rights of indigenous peoples is a very important part of conducting a responsible forestry. Since SCA’s forestry is certified according to FSC we take a greater responsibility than the Swedish law requires. This mean that we have consultations for forestry measures for all pasture lands.

Co-exist

The FSC standard, which was applied in autumn 2020, provides a special collaborative process. The process covers various management measures such as regeneration felling, choice of soil pscarification method, selection of tree species, use of non-native tree species, forest burning, fertilization, and road construction.

This process offers reindeer herders greater influence over planned forestry measures. The co-planning is based on the principle of Indigenous peoples' consent, FPIC (Free, Prior, and Informed Consent), and aims to enable forestry and reindeer husbandry to coexist in the forest landscape.

Both forest owners and reindeer herders must clearly present long-term needs and plans, and then forestry and reindeer herding must be jointly planned over longer periods of time and over larger areas. There are also rules on how to handle situations where an agreement cannot be reached.

Reindeer husbandry and contorta pine

An important issue for the Sami communities is the planting of contorta pine. Forests with contorta pine can affect reindeer husbandry by reducing the occurrence of ground lichen and becoming so dense that passage becomes difficult. We therefore choose to plant contorta pine on land where reindeer husbandry will be impacted as little as possible. For example, we avoid planting where there is an abundance of ground lichen or directly adjacent to migration routes and working enclosures.

More about contorta pine